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1 ὑπόκειμαι
ὑπόκειμαι, used as [voice] Pass. of ὑποτίθημι, [tense] fut. ὑποκείσομαι Pi.O.1.85, etc., but [tense] aor. ὑπετέθην:—A lie under,ὑπὸ δὲ ξύλα κεῖται Il.21.364
;θεμέλιοι ὑ. Th.1.93
;τὸν μηρὸν ὑποκείμενον ἔχειν Arist.IA 712b32
, cf. PA 686a13, 689b18: c. dat.,τοιαύτης τῆς κρηπῖδος ὑποκειμένης ταῖς πολιτείαις Pl.Plt. 301e
: τὰ ὑποκείμενα, opp. τὰ ὑπερκείμενα, Sor.1.8.2 of places, lie close to,ὑποκειμένης τῆς Εὐβοίας ὑπὸ τὴν Ἀττικήν Isoc. 4.108
;ὑ. τὸ πεδίον τῷ ἱερῷ Aeschin.3.118
;λόφος ὑποκείμενος τοῖς Σιννάκοις Plu.Crass.29
;τὸ τὴν οἰκουμένην ὑποκεῖσθαι πρὸς τοῦτον τὸν τόπον Arist.Mete. 364a7
, cf.Pr. 941b39;<τὰ> πρὸς βορρᾶν καὶ ἄρκτον ὑποκείμενα μέρη τῶν ὀρέων Gp.2.5.1
; τὰ ὑποκείμενα ἐδάφη the adjacent soil, D.S.3.50; ἡ-κειμένη χώρα the adjacent country, ibid. (but, the adjacent low lands, Id.2.37, Plu.Sert.17);ὄρος ὑπόκειται Plb.5.59.4
codd. ( ἐπίκ- Schweigh.);ὁ ὑποκείμενος ποταμός Id.3.74.2
; ὑποκεῖσθαι πρὸς τὴν ο?ὑπόκειμαιXψιν to be presented to the sight, Demetr.Lac.Herc.1013.17.3 to be given below in the text,κατὰ τὴν.. συγγραφήν, ἧς τὸ ἀντίγραφον ὑπόκειται PCair.Zen.355.122
(iii B. C.); γράψον.. τοὺς χαρακτῆρας ὡς ὑπόκειται as below, PMag.Par.1.408; λέγε τὸν λόγον τὸν ὑποκείμενον ib.230; ὡς ὑπόκειται as below, Sammelb.5231.11 (i A. D.), etc.; also, as set forth, PKlein.Form.78 (v/vi A. D.).II in various metaph. senses,1 to be established, set before one (by oneself or another) as an aim or principle, ἐμοὶ μὲν οὗτος ἄεθλος ὑποκείσεται shall be my appointed task, Pi. l. c.; δυοῖν ὑποκειμένοιν ὀνομάτοιν two phrases being prescribed, having legal sanction, D.23.36; ὑπόκειται πρῶτον μὲν διωμοσία, δεύτερον δὲ λόγος the prescribed course is.., ib.71; μένειν ἐπὶ τῶν ὑποκειμένων to abide by one's resolves, Plb.1.19.6, 2.51.1;μένειν ἐπὶ τῆς ὑ. γνώμης Id.1.40.5
; ἐμοὶ ὑπόκειται ὅτι .. for me it is a fixed principle that.., Hdt.2.123, cf. Arist.Oec. 1343b9;νομίζω συμφέρειν.. τοῦθ' ὑποκεῖσθαι D.14.3
; τῶν πραγμάτων ἐν οἷς τὰ ὑποκείμενα διαφέρει τῷ εἴδει things of which the principles differ in kind, Arist.Pol. 1275a35; τὰς ὑποκειμένας μοίρας τξ the conventional 3600, Ptol.Alm.5.1.2 to be assumed as a hypothesis (cf.ὑπόθεσις 111
), Pl.Cra. 436d, al.; ὑπέκειτο μὴ οἷόν τε εἶναι .. Id.Erx. 404b;τούτων ὑποκειμένων Id.Prt. 359a
, R. 478e; τὴν ἐκ τῶν -κειμένων ἀρίστην [πολιτείαν] the best (possible) in the circumstances, opp. to τὴν κρατίστην ἁπλῶς and to τὴν ἐξ ὑποθέσεως, Arist. Pol. 1288b26; let it be taken for granted,Id.
EN 1103b32, cf. 1129a11, al., Gal.15.175; ὑποκείσθω ὅτι .. let it be taken for granted that.., Arist.Pol. 1323b40;ὑ. εἶναι τὴν ἡδονὴν κίνησιν Id.Rh. 1369b33
: so with a nom., ὑ. ἡ ἀρετὴ εἶναι .. Id.EN 1104b27, cf. Rh. 1357a11: c. part.,τοιόνδε ζῷον ὑ. ὄν Id.GA 778b17
: without any Verb, ἡ τοῦ δέρματος φύσις ὑ. γεώδης (sc. εἶναι or οὖσα) ib. 782a29, etc.: cf. ὑποτίθημι IV. 1.4 to be in prospect, ; ; παρ' ὑμῖν ὀργὴ μεγάλη καὶ τιμωρία ὑπόκειται τοῖς τὰ ψευδῆ μαρτυροῦσι is reserved for them, Id.34.19, cf. Lycurg.130; δυοῖν κινδύνοιν -κειμένοιν ibid.;ὁρᾶν τὸν θάνατον ὑποκείμενον PPetr.3p.73
(iii B. C.); (iii B. C.);τοῦτο καὶ τοῖς μηθὲν ἀσεβὲς ἐπιτελεσαμένοις κατὰ τοὺς τοῦ πολέμου νόμους ὑπόκειται παθεῖν Plb.2.58.10
.5 to be subject to, submit to,τῷ ἄρχοντι Pl.Grg. 510c
;βασιλεῖ Philostr. VA3.20
;πατράσιν POxy. 237 vii 16
(ii A. D.);ἐξετάσεσιν PFlor.33.14
(iv A. D.);βασάνοις POxy.58.25
(iii A. D.): abs., pay court to one, ; τῷ λόγῳ to be captivated by the story, Philostr.VA6.14; subdued,Id.
VS2.4.2.6 to be subject to, liable to a penalty, Supp.Epigr.6.424, cf. 415,421, al. ([place name] Iconium), PLond.1.77.53 (vi A. D.): also c. acc.,ὑποκείσεται τῷ φίσκῳ δηνάρια πεντακόσια Rev.Phil.36.61
([place name] Iconium).7 to be pledged or mortgaged, c. gen., for a certain sum, Is.6.33, D.49.11,35;ναῦς ὑποκειμένη ἡμῖν Id.56.4
; τὰ ὑποκείμενα the articles pledged, Syngr. ap.D.35.12; the mortgaged property, SIG1044.28 (Halic., iv/iii B. C.);ἐνέχυρα-κείμενα IG12(7).58
([place name] Amorgos); ὑποκείμενοι, of slaves pledged for a sum of money, D.27.9.b of payments, to have been granted or allocated, ἀποφαίνουσιν ὑποκεῖσθαι ἐν τῇ γραφῇ τῶν εἰς τὰ ἱερὰ (sc. ὑποκειμένων)δίδοσθαι κτλ. UPZ21.4
(ii B. C.), cf. 23.21 (ii B. C.), BGU 1197.4, 1200.28 (both i B. C.): Subst. ὑποκείμενα, τά, = φιλάνθρωπα, salary ( ear-marked proceeds of taxes),τὰ ἐπιβάλλοντά μοι ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ ὑ. PLond.2.357.9
, cf. 5 (i A. D.);ὑ. αἰτεῖ ἀπὸ τῶν κωμῶν BGU23.12
(ii/iii A. D.), cf. OGI665.19,26 (Egypt, i A. D.): c. dat., as part of name of specific taxes,ὑ. βασιλικῇ γραμματείᾳ
ear-marked for the benefit of..,PPar.
17.22 (ii A. D.);ὑ. τοπογραμματείᾳ PSI1.101.18
(ii A. D.), cf. POxy.1436.23 (ii A. D.), etc.: also in sg.,ὑποκείμενον ἐπιστρατηγία BGU 199.14
(ii A. D.), cf. PFlor.375.22 (ii A. D.), etc.: also c. gen.,ὑ. ἐννομίου PRyl.213.72
, al. (ii A. D.); τοπαρχίας ib.73, etc.8 in Philosophy, to underlie, as the foundation in which something else inheres, to be implied or presupposed by something else,ἑκάστῳ τῶν ὀνομάτων.. ὑ. τις ἴδιος οὐσία Pl.Prt. 349b
, cf. Cra. 422d, R. 581c, Ti.Locr.97e: τὸ ὑποκείμενον has three main applications: (1) to the matter which underlies the form, opp. εἶδος, ἐντελέχεια, Arist.Metaph. 983a30; (2) to the substance (matter + form) which underlies the accidents, opp. πάθη, συμβεβηκότα, Id.Cat. 1a20,27, Metaph. 1037b16, 983b16; (3) to the logical subject to which attributes are ascribed, opp. τὸ κατηγορούμενον, Id.Cat. 1b10,21, Ph. 189a31: applications (1 ) and (2 ) are distinguished in Id.Metaph. 1038b5, 1029a1-5, 1042a26-31: τὸ ὑ. is occasionally used of what underlies or is presupposed in some other way, e. g. of the positive termini presupposed by change, Id.Ph. 225a3-7.b exist, τὸ ἐκτὸς ὑποκείμενον the external reality, Stoic.2.48, cf. Epicur.Ep.1pp.12,24 U.;φῶς εἶναι τὸ χρῶμα τοῖς ὑ. ἐπιπῖπτον Aristarch.
Sam. ap. Placit.1.15.5;τὸ κρῖνον τί τε φαίνεται μόνον καὶ τί σὺν τῷ φαίνεσθαι ἔτι καὶ κατ' ἀλήθειαν ὑπόκειται S.E.M.7.143
, cf. 83,90,91, 10.240; = ὑπάρχω, τὰ ὑποκείμενα πράγματα the existing state of affairs, Plb.11.28.2, cf. 11.29.1, 15.8.11,13, 3.31.6, Eun.VSp.474 B.;Τίτος ἐξ ὑποκειμένων ἐνίκα, χρώμενος ὁπλις μοῖς καὶ τάξεσιν αἷς παρέλαβε Plu.Comp.Phil.Flam.2
;τῆς αὐτῆς δυνάμεως ὑποκειμένης Id.2.336b
;ἐχομένου τοῦ προσιόντος λόγου ὡς πρὸς τὸν ὑποκείμενον A.D.Synt.122.17
.c ὁ ὑ. ἐνιαυτός the year in question, D.S.11.75; οἱ ὑ. καιροί the time in question, Id.16.40, Plb.2.63.6, cf. Plu.Comp.Sol.Publ.4; τοῦ ὑ. μηνός the current month, PTeb.14.14 (ii B. C.), al.; ἐκ τοῦ ὑ. φόρου in return for a reduction from the said rent, PCair.Zen.649.18 (iii B. C.); πρὸς τὸ ὑ. νόει according to the context, Gp.6.11.7.9 in logical arrangement, to be subject or subordinate,τῇ.. ἰατρικῇ.. ἡ ὀψοποιικὴ.. ὑ. Pl. Grg. 465b
;ὁ τὴν καθόλου ἐπιστήμην ἔχων οἶδέ πως πάντα τὰ ὑποκείμενα Arist.Metaph. 982a23
, cf. APo. 91a11;ἑκάστη [τέχνη] περὶ τὸ αὐτῇ ὑ. ἐστι διδασκαλική Id.Rh. 1355b28
.b ἡ ὑ. ὕλη the subject-matter of a science or treatise, Id.EN 1094b12, 1098a28, Phld.Po.Herc.1676.3 (pl.); τὸ ὑ. the part affected by a disease, Plb.1.81.6.III trans., = ὑποτέθειμαι, I have appended,ὧν τὸ καθ' ἓν ὑπόκειμαι PTeb. 140
(i B. C.); cf. παράκειμαι ([place name] Addenda).Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > ὑπόκειμαι
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2 supuesto
adj.supposed, hypothetical, assumed, alleged.m.supposition, assumption.past part.past participle of spanish verb: suponer.* * *1 (suposición) supposition, assumption2 (hipótesis) hypothesis————————1→ link=suponer suponer► adjetivo1 (que se supone) supposed, assumed2 (pretendido) so-called, self-styled1 (suposición) supposition, assumption2 (hipótesis) hypothesis\dar algo por supuesto,-a to take something for granteden el supuesto de que... supposing that...nombre supuesto assumed name* * *1. (f. - supuesta)adj.2. noun m.* * *1.PP de suponer2. ADJ1) (=falso) [nombre] assumed, false2) (=no demostrado) supposed3)¡por supuesto! — of course!
-¿puedo usar su teléfono? -¡por supuesto! — "can I use your phone?" - "of course (you can)!"
4)5)supuesto que — frm (=dando por sentado que) assuming; (=en caso de que) in the event of
3.SM (=hipótesis) assumption* * *I- ta adjetivoa) ( falso) falseel supuesto electricista — the so-called o supposed electrician
b) ( que se rumorea)c)¿lo sabías? - por supuesto que sí! — did you know? - of course I did!
IIdar algo por supuesto — to take something for granted
masculino suppositionen el supuesto de que tenga un accidente — should you have an accident, in the event of an accident
* * *I- ta adjetivoa) ( falso) falseel supuesto electricista — the so-called o supposed electrician
b) ( que se rumorea)c)¿lo sabías? - por supuesto que sí! — did you know? - of course I did!
IIdar algo por supuesto — to take something for granted
masculino suppositionen el supuesto de que tenga un accidente — should you have an accident, in the event of an accident
* * *supuesto11 = assumption, construct, presumption, presupposition [pre-supposition].Ex: Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.
Ex: Often they use rather fancy words, such as 'theoretical models' or ' constructs' or 'paradigms' to describe what are, very frequently, no more than hypothetical ideas or categorisations which have little empirical evidence to back them up.Ex: Some of these presumptions have served only to perpetuate misconceptions of collection.Ex: Computers hold pre-defined and fixed presuppositions, whilst those of humans are unpredictable.* ¡por supuesto que no! = God forbid.* por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.* ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid.* supuesto práctico = case.supuesto22 = alleged, perceived, so-called, assumed, imagined, imaginary example, presumable, putative, reputed, presumptive, apparent.Ex: Meanwhile the ALA and others are making wildly improbable statements about the supposedly numerous opportunities for library school graduates due to the alleged shortage of librarians.
Ex: The arrangements should also negotiate resistance to perceived 'American dominance', erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS contains a so-called 'help' capability.Ex: This article discusses the advantages of storing information on discs which have an assumed life span of 20 years.Ex: In recent years, then, there has been much less scaremongering about the imagined horrors of drowning in a sea of paper.Ex: An imaginary example for a distributed fact retrieval process, based on current tools and systems, is analysed in order to clarify the requirements of such an intermediary system.Ex: A study was made of 8 indexes and abstracts of presumable interest to students of communication.Ex: Not all putative delegates were able to attend the conference -- some, e.g., were refused visas.Ex: Another doctor confirmed Karr's reputed plans for sex-change surgery.Ex: Thirty patients with a diagnosis of presumptive bacterial conjunctivitis were assessed in a randomized trial.Ex: Victim of an apparent assassination attempt, his face was left permanently disfigured and pockmarked.* * *1 (falso) falseactuaba bajo un nombre supuesto he worked under a false o an assumed nameel supuesto electricista resultó ser un ladrón the so-called o supposed electrician proved to be a thief2(que se rumorea): la radio desmintió su supuesta muerte reports of his death were denied on the radiosu supuesta enfermedad her supposed illness3por supuesto of course¿vendrás? — ¡por supuesto! are you going to come? — of course!¿lo sabías? — ¡por supuesto que sí! did you know? — of course I did!dar algo por supuesto to take sth for grantedsuppositionsu teoría descansa en un supuesto fundamental his theory rests on one fundamental supposition¿y en el supuesto de que no acepten? and supposing they don't accept?, what if they don't accept?en el supuesto de que suceda alguna catástrofe in the event of a disasterpartiendo del supuesto de que no sabían nada working on the assumption that they knew nothingen el supuesto de que tenga un accidente should you have an accident, in the event of an accident* * *
Del verbo suponer: ( conjugate suponer)
supuesto es:
el participio
Multiple Entries:
suponer
supuesto
suponer ( conjugate suponer) verbo transitivo
1
◊ supongamos que lo que dice es cierto let's suppose o assume what he says is true;
suponiendo que todo salga bien assuming everything goes OKb) ( imaginar):
¿va a venir hoy? — supongo que sí is she coming today? — I should think so o I suppose so;
es de supuesto que se lo habrán dicho presumably o I should think he's been told;
se supone que empieza a las nueve it's supposed to start at nine
2 (significar, implicar) to mean;
supuesto 1◊ -ta adjetivo
el supuesto mendigo the supposed beggar
c)
dar algo por supuesto to take sth for granted
supuesto 2 sustantivo masculino
supposition
suponer verbo transitivo
1 (creer, imaginar) to suppose: supongamos que..., let's assume o suppose that...
supongo que me llamarán, I presume they're going to phone me
supongo que sí, I suppose so
se supone que acaba a las seis, it's supposed to finish at six
se supone que él es el entendido, he's supposed to be the expert
te suponía en París, I thought you were in Paris
2 (conllevar, significar) to mean, involve: no supone ningún riesgo, it doesn't involve any risk
(la amistad, el aprecio) to mean ➣ Ver nota en mean
♦ Locuciones: ser de suponer: es de suponer que se lo han contado, presumably o I would imagine she's been told
ser un suponer, to be conjecture
supuesto,-a
I adj pey (presumiendo: falsedad) ese supuesto artista, that so-called artist
(: inocencia) alleged
el supuesto asesino, the alleged murderer
II m (conjetura) assumption
en el supuesto de que, on the assumption that: en el supuesto de que te pregunten, supposing you are asked
♦ Locuciones: dar por supuesto, to take sthg for granted
por supuesto, of course
supuesto que, since, inasmuch that
' supuesto' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
dar
- supuesta
- partir
- presupuesto
English:
assumption
- boon
- course
- ostensible
- professed
- reputed
- so-called
- supposed
- would-be
- go
- means
- naturally
- so
- sure
- surely
* * *supuesto, -a♦ participiover suponer♦ adj1. [hipotético] supposed;[culpable, asesino] alleged;no se ha confirmado el supuesto ataque al corazón del presidente there has been no confirmation of the president's supposed o alleged heart attack2. [falso] false;actuó bajo un nombre supuesto he acted under a false o assumed name♦ nmsupposition, assumption;en el supuesto de que venga assuming (that) he comes;esto no es más que un supuesto this is no more than a supposition;en estos supuestos no es válido el principio general in these cases the general rule does not apply;partimos del supuesto de que todo va a salir bien we're working on the assumption that everything will turn out right;supuestos de cancelación grounds for cancellation♦ por supuesto loc advof course;¿te gusta? – por supuesto do you like it? – of course;¿la invitarás? – por supuesto que sí/no are you going to invite her? – of course I am/of course not;por supuesto que puedes venir of course you can come;por supuesto que si te deja de interesar, te puedes retirar of course if you lose interest, you can always back out;dar algo por supuesto to take sth for granted;doy por supuesto que te interesa I take it for granted that you're interested* * *I part → suponerII adj supposed, alleged;por supuesto of course;dar algo por supuesto take sth as readIII m assumption* * *supuesto, -ta adj1) : supposed, alleged2)por supuesto : of course, absolutely* * *supuesto adj1. (presunto) alleged2. (falso) supposed / assumed -
3 Annahme
f; -, -n1. (Ggs. Ablehnung) acceptance (auch fig.); eines Antrags: adoption; eines Gesetzes: passing (Am. auch passage); von Mitarbeitern etc.: employment; von Schülern: admission; die Annahme (+ Gen) verweigern refuse to accept; POST. Annahme verweigert! refused2. (Vermutung) assumption, supposition; fachspr. hypothesis; in der Annahme, dass... on the assumption that..., assuming that...; von der Annahme ausgehen, dass... work on the assumption that...; ich war der Annahme, dass... I was under the impression that..., I had assumed that...; wir haben Grund zur Annahme, dass... we have reason to assume that...; gehe ich recht in der Annahme, dass...? am I right to assume ( oder in assuming) that...?3. nur Sg.; (das Annehmen) eines Glaubens, Kindes, Namens: adoption; einer Gewohnheit: taking up, adoption; einer Form, Gestalt: taking on, assumption* * *die Annahme(Entgegennahme) reception; acceptance;(Vermutung) guess; supposition; hypothesis; assumption* * *Ạn|nah|me ['annaːmə]f -, -n1) (= Vermutung, Voraussetzung) assumptionin der Annahme, dass... — on the assumption that...
gehe ich recht in der Annahme, dass...? — am I right in assuming or in the assumption that...?
der Annahme sein, dass... — to assume that...
von einer Annahme ausgehen — to work on or from an assumption
2) (= das Annehmen) acceptance; (von Geld) acceptance, taking; (von Rat, Telegramm, Gespräch, Reparaturen) taking; (von Arbeit, Auftrag, Bewerber) acceptance, taking on; (von Herausforderung, Angebot) taking up; (= Billigung) approval; (von Gesetz) passing; (von Resolution, Staatsangehörigkeit) adoption; (von Antrag) acceptance; (von Gewohnheit) picking up; (von Akzent, Tonfall) acquisition; (von Gestalt, Name) assuming3)See:= Annahmestelle* * *(something assumed: On the assumption that we can produce four pages an hour, the work will be finished tomorrow.) assumption* * *An·nah·me<-, -n>[ˈanna:mə]f1. (Vermutung) supposition, assumptionrecht gehen in der \Annahme, dass... (geh) to be right in the assumption that...von einer \Annahme ausgehen to proceed [or work] on the assumptionin der \Annahme, [dass]... on the assumption [that]mit der \Annahme... by accepting...\Annahme verweigert delivery [or acceptance] refused\Annahme eines Auftrags taking on an order\Annahme eines Angebots acceptance of an offer\Annahme eines Namens adoption [or assumption] of a name5. (Annahmestelle) reception* * *die; Annahme, Annahmen1) acceptancedie Annahme eines Pakets verweigern — refuse to accept [delivery of] a parcel
2) (Vermutung) assumptionin der Annahme, dass... — on the assumption that...
3) s. Annahmestelle* * *1. (Ggs Ablehnung) acceptance (auch fig); eines Antrags: adoption; eines Gesetzes: passing (US auch passage); von Mitarbeitern etc: employment; von Schülern: admission;die Annahme (+gen)verweigern refuse to accept; Postwesen:Annahme verweigert! refusedin der Annahme, dass … on the assumption that …, assuming that …;von der Annahme ausgehen, dass … work on the assumption that …;ich war der Annahme, dass … I was under the impression that …, I had assumed that …;wir haben Grund zur Annahme, dass … we have reason to assume that …;gehe ich recht in der Annahme, dass …? am I right to assume ( oder in assuming) that …?3. nur sg; (das Annehmen) eines Glaubens, Kindes, Namens: adoption; einer Gewohnheit: taking up, adoption; einer Form, Gestalt: taking on, assumption* * *die; Annahme, Annahmen1) acceptancedie Annahme eines Pakets verweigern — refuse to accept [delivery of] a parcel
2) (Vermutung) assumptionin der Annahme, dass... — on the assumption that...
3) s. Annahmestelle* * *-n f.acceptance n.assumption n.fiction n.presumption n.reception (packet delivery office) n. -
4 предположение
(= гипотеза) supposition, hypothesis, suggestion, assumption, premise, conjecture, presumption, guess, proposal• Будем отыскивать противоречие с предположением, что... - We shall seek a contradiction to the assumption that...• Было сделано предположение, что... - It was assumed that...• В (1) неявно принимается предположение, что... - Implicit in (1) is the assumption that...• В данном параграфе делаются следующие предположения:... - In this section the following assumptions are made: (i)...• В данном подходе имеется неявное предположение, что... - Implicit in this viewpoint is the assumption that...• В этой модели делается неявное предположение, что... - Implicit in this model is the assumption that...• Возможно, это разумное предположение, что... - It is probably a reasonable assumption that...• Все эти исследования основываются на одном и том же предположении. - All these studies rest on the same assumption.• Данное доказательство существенно опирается на наше предположение о том, что... - The proof rests fundamentally on our assumption that...• Данный результат объясняется и качественно, и количественно предположением, что... - This result is both qualitatively and quantitatively explained by the assumption that...• Джонс делает предположение, что... - Jones makes the assumption that...• До сих пор мы не делали предположений относительно... - So far we have made no assumptions regarding...• Другое рабочее предположение состоит в том, что... - Another working assumption is that...• Если это предположение неверно, то... - If this assumption is wrong, then...• Затем, согласно предположению,... - Then, by hypothesis,...• Здесь мы уже сделали два важных предположения. - Here we have made two important assumptions.• Имеется несколько причин, по. которым в этом предположении следует усомниться. - There are several reasons why this assumption should be questioned.• Интересно предположение, действительно ли... - It is interesting to speculate whether...• Исходя из ошибочного предположения, что... - On the mistaken assumption that...• Каждая из этих теорий включает в себя предположения относительно... - Each of these theories involves assumptions about...• Можно было бы попытаться объяснить этот эффект предположением, что... - One could try to explain this effect by assuming that...• Мы будем придерживаться нашего начального предположения, что... - We shall maintain our initial assumption that...• Мы делаем обычное предположение, что... - We make the usual assumption that...• Мы делаем это в предположении, что... - We do this on the assumption that...• Мы докажем эту теорему при дополнительном предположении, что... - We prove this theorem subject to the extra assumption that...• Мы исходим из предположения... - We proceed from the assumption that...; We operate on the premise that...• Наиболее просто это было объяснено предположением, что... - This was most simply explained by the supposition that...• Напоминаем, что по отношению... не было введено никаких предположений. - Recall that no assumptions have been made with regard to...• Наши рассуждения в предыдущем параграфе могли бы привести нас к предположению, что... - Our work in the previous section might lead us to suspect that...• Нашим начальным предположением было то, что... - Our initial assumption was that...• Необходимо сделать некоторое предположение относительно... - It is necessary to make some assumption regarding...• Неявно в этом предположении содержится... - Implicit in this assumption is that...• Обоснование данного предположения затрагивает теорию... - The justification of this assumption involves the theory of...• Обоснование для этих предположений находится единственно в... - The justification of these assumptions lies solely in...• Однако мы никогда не вводили никаких предположений относительно... - At no time, however, have we made any assumptions regarding...• Однако не менее важным является предположение, что... - Equally important, however, is the assumption that...• Они были выведены в предположении, что... - These were derived on the assumption that...• Они ввели простое предположение, что... - They made the simple assumption that...• Относительно... здесь не делается никаких предположений. - No assumption is made here about...• Предыдущее уравнение базируется на предположении... - The above equation is based on the assumption that...• Предыдущие рассуждения базируются на предположении... - The foregoing arguments rely on the assumption that...• Предыдущие результаты были получены в рамках предположения... - The above results have been obtained under the assumption of...• При более слабых предположениях о регулярности начальных данных... - Under weaker regularity assumptions on initial data...• При этих предположениях относительно к мы получаем... - Under the assumptions made on к, we get...• Простейшее разумное предположение состоит в том, что... - The simplest reasonable assumption is that...• Распространенной ошибкой является предположение, что... - It is a common error to suppose that...• Следовательно, мы выдвигаем предположение, что... - We therefore conjecture that...• Справедливость данного предположения будет рассмотрена позднее, когда... - The validity of this assumption will be considered further when...• Теперь мы исключим предположение, что... - We now remove the assumption that...• Теперь это предположение доказано, так как... - This assumption has now been justified, since...• Тест основывается на предположении о том, что... - The test rests on the assumption that...• Хотя такое предположение кажется правдоподобным,... - Although such an assumption seems plausible,...• Чтобы доказать это утверждение, мы сделаем упрощающее предположение, что... - То prove this statement, we make the simplifying assumption that...• Чтобы избежать неуместных усложнений, мы сделаем упрощающее предположение, что... - То avoid undue complication we make the simplifying assumption that...• Эти результаты согласуются с предположением, что... - These results are consistent with the assumption that...• Это очень грубое предположение влечет за собой... - This very crude assumption yields...• Это предположение игнорирует тот факт, что... - The assumption ignores the fact that...• Это предположение согласуется с... - The assumption is consistent with...• Это противоречит предположению, что... - This is contrary to the hypothesis that...• Это противоречит широко используемому предположению, что... - This is contrary to the widely used assumption that...• Это решение основано/основывается на предположении, что... - This solution is based on the assumption that...• Это является следствием предположения относительно существования... - This is a consequence of assuming the existence of...• Этот результат не зависит ни от каких предположений относительно... - This result is independent of any assumption about... -
5 принятая гипотеза
1) Mathematics: accepted hypothesis2) Makarov: assumed hypothesis -
6 falso
adj.1 false, fake, dummy, counterfeit.2 false, delusory, misleading.3 false, liar, deceitful, fake.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: falsar.* * *► adjetivo1 (no verdadero) false, untrue2 (moneda) false, counterfeit; (cuadro, sello) forged► nombre masculino,nombre femenino1 (persona) insincere person\dar un paso en falso (tropezar) to trip, stumble 2 (cometer un error) to make a mistake, make a wrong movejurar en falso to commit perjuryfalsa alarma false alarm* * *(f. - falsa)adj.1) false, untrue2) fake* * *1. ADJ1) [acusación, creencia, rumor] falselo que dices es falso — what you're saying is false o untrue
falso testimonio — perjury, false testimony
2) [firma, pasaporte, joya] false, fake; [techo] false; [cuadro] fake; [moneda] counterfeit3) (=insincero) [persona] false, insincere; [sonrisa] false4) [caballo] vicious5)en falso: coger a algn en falso — to catch sb in a lie
dar un paso en falso — (lit) to trip; (fig) to take a false step
2.SM CAm, Méx false evidence* * *- sa adjetivo1)a) < billete> counterfeit, forged; < cuadro> forged; < documento> false, forged; <diamante/joya> fake; <cajón/techo> false2)a) ( no cierto) <dato/nombre/declaración> falseeso es falso — that is not true, that is untrue
b)en falso: jurar en falso to commit perjury; golpear en falso — to miss the mark
•* * *= dummy, false, sham, spurious, unauthentic, faked, untrue, bogus, deceitful, pseudo, fake, two-faced, inauthentic, phony [phoney], meretricious, counterfeit, insincere, hocus pocus, specious, dishonest, mendacious, delusional.Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS, therefore, assigns them the dummy master number zero.Ex. The concept 'Senses' constitutes a false link in the chain.Ex. A sham catalog is a disservice to the user, and participating in the creation of a sham catalog is personally degrading to a professional.Ex. Examples would include giving a spurious impression of busyness at the reference desk.Ex. So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).Ex. Libri was accused of stealing manuscripts of unique importance and rarity from French provincial libraries in the 1840s and inserting faked notes of provenance, substituting Italian place names for French ones.Ex. Public library collections are of little use to scholars and have failed to provide the communications links that might prove this hypothesis untrue.Ex. The article 'A bogus and dismal science, or the eggplant that ate library schools' discusses the reasons for the perennial professional indentity crisis amongst librarians.Ex. Again, on the matter of the sources already consulted by the enquirer, the implication is not that he is unreliable or deceitful, but that in looking up the Encyclopedia Americana he may not be aware of the existence of the index.Ex. Sometimes authors write ' pseudo abstracts' to meet deadlines for articles or for talks to be delivered.Ex. This article deals with the detection of fake letters and documents.Ex. This course looks at this two-faced society with guided field trips to cemeteries and to the architecture of Edinburgh's underworld below the great banks and public buildings.Ex. Much of the culture of Western democracies has increasingly become inauthentic or phony.Ex. Much of the culture of Western democracies has increasingly become inauthentic or phony.Ex. The responsibility of the critic must be to maintain rigorous standards, and strive to alert the public to the implications for the future of a market flooded with meretricious productions.Ex. Criminal charges are to be brought against 3 people after the seizure of counterfeit copies of British Telecom's PhoneDisc, a CD-ROM database containing the company's 100 or so telephone directories.Ex. There is a point when participation may become mere meddling and insincere.Ex. The final section of her paper calls attention to the ' hocus pocus' research conducted on many campuses.Ex. This comparative frame of reference is specious and irrelevant on several counts.Ex. Mostly facsimiles are made without dishonest intent, although some have certainly been intended to deceive, and the ease with which they can be identified varies with the reproduction process used.Ex. I love movies like that -- where slowly, gradually, bit by bit, all the characters realize that the villain was really disastrously mendacious and criminal.Ex. Despite what false patriots tell us, we now have a delusional democracy, not one that citizens can trust to serve their interests.----* abeto falso = spruce.* alegación falsa = ipse dixit.* charlatanería falsa = cant.* crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.* dar una falsa impresión = keep up + facade, put on + an act.* dar un paso en falso = make + a false move.* democracia falsa = travesty democracy.* diamante falso = rhinestone.* erradicar falsas ideas = erase + misconceptions.* erradicar una falsa idea = dispel + idea.* falsa alabanza = lip service.* falsa ilusión = delusion.* falsa política de integración de minorías = tokenism.* falsa pretensión = false pretence.* falsa sensación de seguridad = false sense of security.* falso pretexto = false pretence.* falso testimonio = perjury.* hablar en falso = speak with + a split tongue, speak with + a forked tongue, speak with + a twisted tongue.* hacer un movimiento en falso = make + a false move.* idea falsa = misconception, bogus idea, illusion.* movimiento en falso = false move.* nivel jerárquico falso = false link.* paso en falso = false move.* pista falsa = red herring.* resultar falso = prove + false.* sonar falso = have + a hollow ring.* toma falsa = outtake.* * *- sa adjetivo1)a) < billete> counterfeit, forged; < cuadro> forged; < documento> false, forged; <diamante/joya> fake; <cajón/techo> false2)a) ( no cierto) <dato/nombre/declaración> falseeso es falso — that is not true, that is untrue
b)en falso: jurar en falso to commit perjury; golpear en falso — to miss the mark
•* * *= dummy, false, sham, spurious, unauthentic, faked, untrue, bogus, deceitful, pseudo, fake, two-faced, inauthentic, phony [phoney], meretricious, counterfeit, insincere, hocus pocus, specious, dishonest, mendacious, delusional.Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS, therefore, assigns them the dummy master number zero.
Ex: The concept 'Senses' constitutes a false link in the chain.Ex: A sham catalog is a disservice to the user, and participating in the creation of a sham catalog is personally degrading to a professional.Ex: Examples would include giving a spurious impression of busyness at the reference desk.Ex: So, in the bicentennial spirit here's a three-point bill of particulars or grievances (in addition to what was mentioned previously with respect to offensive or unauthentic terms).Ex: Libri was accused of stealing manuscripts of unique importance and rarity from French provincial libraries in the 1840s and inserting faked notes of provenance, substituting Italian place names for French ones.Ex: Public library collections are of little use to scholars and have failed to provide the communications links that might prove this hypothesis untrue.Ex: The article 'A bogus and dismal science, or the eggplant that ate library schools' discusses the reasons for the perennial professional indentity crisis amongst librarians.Ex: Again, on the matter of the sources already consulted by the enquirer, the implication is not that he is unreliable or deceitful, but that in looking up the Encyclopedia Americana he may not be aware of the existence of the index.Ex: Sometimes authors write ' pseudo abstracts' to meet deadlines for articles or for talks to be delivered.Ex: This article deals with the detection of fake letters and documents.Ex: This course looks at this two-faced society with guided field trips to cemeteries and to the architecture of Edinburgh's underworld below the great banks and public buildings.Ex: Much of the culture of Western democracies has increasingly become inauthentic or phony.Ex: Much of the culture of Western democracies has increasingly become inauthentic or phony.Ex: The responsibility of the critic must be to maintain rigorous standards, and strive to alert the public to the implications for the future of a market flooded with meretricious productions.Ex: Criminal charges are to be brought against 3 people after the seizure of counterfeit copies of British Telecom's PhoneDisc, a CD-ROM database containing the company's 100 or so telephone directories.Ex: There is a point when participation may become mere meddling and insincere.Ex: The final section of her paper calls attention to the ' hocus pocus' research conducted on many campuses.Ex: This comparative frame of reference is specious and irrelevant on several counts.Ex: Mostly facsimiles are made without dishonest intent, although some have certainly been intended to deceive, and the ease with which they can be identified varies with the reproduction process used.Ex: I love movies like that -- where slowly, gradually, bit by bit, all the characters realize that the villain was really disastrously mendacious and criminal.Ex: Despite what false patriots tell us, we now have a delusional democracy, not one that citizens can trust to serve their interests.* abeto falso = spruce.* alegación falsa = ipse dixit.* charlatanería falsa = cant.* crear falsas ilusiones = create + false illusions.* dar una falsa impresión = keep up + facade, put on + an act.* dar un paso en falso = make + a false move.* democracia falsa = travesty democracy.* diamante falso = rhinestone.* erradicar falsas ideas = erase + misconceptions.* erradicar una falsa idea = dispel + idea.* falsa alabanza = lip service.* falsa ilusión = delusion.* falsa política de integración de minorías = tokenism.* falsa pretensión = false pretence.* falsa sensación de seguridad = false sense of security.* falso pretexto = false pretence.* falso testimonio = perjury.* hablar en falso = speak with + a split tongue, speak with + a forked tongue, speak with + a twisted tongue.* hacer un movimiento en falso = make + a false move.* idea falsa = misconception, bogus idea, illusion.* movimiento en falso = false move.* nivel jerárquico falso = false link.* paso en falso = false move.* pista falsa = red herring.* resultar falso = prove + false.* sonar falso = have + a hollow ring.* toma falsa = outtake.* * *falso -saA1 ‹billete› counterfeit, forged; ‹cuadro› forged2 ‹documento› (copiado) false, forged, fake; (alterado) false, forged3 (simulado) ‹diamante/joya› fake; ‹bolsillo/cajón/techo› false4 (insincero) ‹persona› insincere, false; ‹sonrisa› false; ‹promesa› falseB1 (no cierto) ‹dato/nombre/declaración› falseeso es falso, nunca afirmé tal cosa that is not true o that is untrue, I never said such a thing2en falso: jurar en falso to commit perjurygolpear en falso to miss the markesta tabla está en falso this board isn't properly supportedla maleta cerró en falso the suitcase didn't shut properlyel tornillo giraba en falso the screw wouldn't gripCompuestos:feminine false alarmfeminine false modestyno levantar falso testimonio ( Relig) thou shalt not bear false witness* * *
falso◊ -sa adjetivo
‹ cuadro› forged;
‹ documento› false, forged;
‹diamante/joya› fake;
‹cajón/techo› false
‹sonrisa/promesa› false
◊ eso es falso that is not true o is untrue;
falsa alarma false alarm;
falso testimonio sustantivo masculino (Der) false testimony, perjury
falso,-a
I adjetivo
1 false: eso que dices es falso, what you're saying is wrong
había un puerta falsa, there was a false door
nombre falso, assumed name
2 (persona) insincere: Juan me parece muy falso, I think Juan is insincere
3 (falsificado) forged
dinero falso, counterfeit o bogus money
II m (persona) insincere person, hypocrit
♦ Locuciones: en falso, false: jurar en falso, to commit perjury
' falso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
cierta
- cierto
- falaz
- falsa
- fantasma
- incierta
- incierto
- jurar
- perjurar
- testimonio
- colar
- supuesto
English:
absolutely
- affected
- bogus
- counterfeit
- deceitful
- disingenuous
- dud
- fake
- false
- false move
- faux pas
- hollow
- insincere
- phoney
- sham
- slimy
- spurious
- two-faced
- untrue
- untruthful
- smooth
- spruce
- sycamore
- trumped-up
- two
* * *falso, -a♦ adj1. [afirmación, información, rumor] false, untrue;eso que dices es falso what you are saying is not true;en falso [falsamente] falsely;[sin firmeza] unsoundly;si haces un movimiento en falso, disparo one false move and I'll shoot;dio un paso en falso y se cayó he missed his footing and fell;jurar en falso to commit perjuryfalsa alarma false alarm;falso testimonio [en juicio] perjury, false evidence;dar falso testimonio to give false evidence2. [dinero, firma, cuadro] forged;[pasaporte] forged, false; [joyas] fake;un diamante falso an imitation diamond3. [hipócrita] deceitful;no soporto a los falsos amigos que te critican a la espalda I can't stand false friends who criticize you behind your back;basta ya de falsa simpatía that's enough of you pretending to be nice;Fam Humes más falso que Judas he's a real snake in the grassLing falso amigo false friend;falsa modestia false modesty4. [simulado] falsefalsa costilla false rib;falso estuco [en bricolaje] stick-on plasterwork;falso muro false wall;falso techo false ceiling♦ nm,f[hipócrita] hypocrite* * *adj1 false3:jurar odeclarar en falso commit perjury4 persona false* * *falso, -sa adj1) falaz: false, untrue2) : counterfeit, forged* * *falso adj1. (en general) false2. (billete, cuadro) forged3. (joya) fake4. (persona) false / insincere -
7 теория
theory, hypothesis• Адекватные экспериментальные подтверждения данной теории отсутствуют. - Adequate empirical support for the theory is lacking.• Большая часть данной теории может быть развита в терминах... - A large part of the theory can be developed in terms of...• Было выдвинуто много теорий, чтобы объяснить... - Many theories have been advanced to explain...• В данной главе мы разовьем теорию... - In this chapter we shall develop the theory of...• В данной книге описывается современная теория... - This book describes the modern theory of...• В данной приближенной теории предполагается, что... - In the approximate theory it is assumed that...• В настоящий момент не существует полностью удовлетворительной теории... - Currently there is no completely satisfactory theory of...• Все эти теории имеют общей идею, что... - These theories have in common the idea that...• Д-р Смит был основным разработчиком теории... - Dr. Smith has been a key contributor to the theory of...• Данная теория могла бы соответственно основываться на... - The theory could accordingly be based on...• Данная теория недостаточно разработана, чтобы разрешить... - This theory is not sufficiently advanced to permit...• Данная теория также объясняет тот факт, что... - This theory also explains the fact that...• (Действительно) последовательная теория должна учитывать (эффект и т. п.). - A comprehensive theory must account for...• Детальная теория показывает, что... - Detailed theory shows that...• Другим недостатком данной теории является то, что... - The other disadvantage of the theory is that...• Если эта теория верна, то... - If this theory is correct, then...• К сожалению, как мы увидим, данная теория не предсказывает... - Unfortunately, as we shall see, the theory does not predict...• Каждая из этих теорий включает в себя предположения относительно... - Each of these theories involves assumptions about...• Мы могли бы продолжить развитие теории... - We could go on to develop a theory of...• Наиболее широко принятые современные теории утверждают, что... - The most widely accepted modern theories suggest that...• Наилучшим образом проблема исследуется с использованием теории... - The problem is best approached through the theory of...• Не было разработано никакой теории, чтобы анализировать... - No theory has been developed to analyze...• Обширная часть теории была разработана для... - A vast amount of theory has been developed for...• Одна простая теория может использоваться для... - A simple theory can be used to...• Одна теория предлагает... - One theory suggests that...• Однако данная теория по-прежнему имеет два дефекта. - The theory still suffered from two defects, however.• Однако окончательные результаты теории не могут зависеть от... - But the final results of the theory must not depend on...• Однако, во-первых, нам необходимо изучить общую теорию... - First, however, we need to study the general theory of...• Одним из таких орудий является классическая теория (чего-л). - One such tool is the classical theory of...• Перед тем, как оставить общую теорию, было бы желательно... - Before leaving the general theory it may be desirable to...• Предыдущая теория легко иллюстрируется (посредством)... - The above theory is easily illustrated by means of...• Приведенная выше теория не предсказывает хорошо известный результат, что... - The theory given above does not predict the well-known result that...• Приложения данной теории играют жизненно важную роль в... - The applications of this theory play a vital role in...• Применение данной теории к частным случаям требует... - The application of the theory to particular cases requires...• Работая независимо, Смит [1] развил теорию... - Smith [1], working independently, developed the theory of...• Развивая данную теорию, мы будем существенно использовать... - In developing the theory we shall make considerable use of...• Развитие подобной теории началось в ранних 1980-х годах работой Смита[1]. - The development of such a theory began in the early 1980s with the work of Smith [1].• Развитие этой теории в огромной степени облегчается... - The development of this theory is greatly facilitated by...• Следовательно, мы обязаны попытаться развить теорию, которая приводит к... - Hence, we must try to develop a theory that leads to...• Согласно теории электромагнетизма... - According to electromagnetic theory,...• Существуют несколько способов дать введение в теорию... - There are several ways of introducing the theory of...• Такое согласие между теорией и экспериментом вполне удовлетворительно в свете... - The agreement between theory and experiment is quite good in view of..'.• Теперь мы приходим к теории... - We now come to the theory of...• Подходящая теория может быть развита при использовании... - A satisfactory theory can be developed using...• Чтобы получить удовлетворительную теорию, мы обязаны... - То obtain a satisfactory theory it is necessary to...• Чтобы отдать предпочтение одной из двух теорий,... - То decide between the two theories...• Эта теория может также объяснить... - This theory may also account for...• Эти трудности мотивировали формулировку приближенных теорий для описания... - These complications have motivated the formulation of approximate theories to describe...• Эти уравнения положены в основу теории... - These equations form the basis of the theory of...• Это находится в соответствии с теорией... - This is in accordance with the theory of...• Эту сложную теорию трудна объяснить в простых терминах. - This theory is difficult to comprehend in simple terms.• Эту теорию можно использовать только когда... - This theory is applicable only when...• Явное расхождение между теорией и практикой может быть устранено, если... - The apparent discrepancy between theory and practice can be resolved if...• Яркой чертой данной теории является то, что... - A salient feature of the theory is that... -
8 исследователь
•The discrepancies between the results of various workers (or investigators, or researchers, or scientists)...
* * *Исследователь -- researcher; investigator, student, worker.Other researchers in another related program [...] have demonstrated the significant effect of chloride on the mechanical properties of oxide films.Many investigators are hard at work on coal ash problems.This hypothesis had often been assumed by other workers.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > исследователь
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9 hypothetisch
adj. assumed, supposed; of or pertaining to a hypothesis, theoretical, hypothetical -
10 ἄκανθα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `thorn, thistle', name of different thorny plants (Strömberg Pflanzennamen 17), also `backbone, spine' of fishes, snake, man (Od.). Note ἄκανθος m. `acanthus' (Acanthus mollis).Other forms: ἀκανθίας kind of shark; grasshopper (cf. Strömberg Fischnamen 47, Wortstudien 17); ἀκανθίς name of a bird (`goldfinch' or `linnet', cf. Thompson Birds s. v.), also a plant; ἀκανθυλλίς bird-name (Thompson s. v.), ἀκανθίων `hedgehog', ἀκανθέα a plant, ἀκανθηλή meaning unknown.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: The basic meaning is `thorn', and from there `backbone, spine'. Usually, ἄκανος `pine-thistle' is considered basic, but a connection with ἄνθος is improbable; a compound *ἄκ-ανθα `Stachelblume' (Kretschmer Einleitung 403 A. 1) is a type of etymology of the past. ἄκαν-θα acc. to Solmsen Wortf. 264. Belardi assumes an Indo-Mediterranean substr. word, connecting Skt. kaṇṭ(h)a-, but such combinations with Sanskrit are mostly incorrect, the Indo-Med. hypothesis quite doubtful. Most probable is a (Greek) substr. element, though in this case there is no positive indication except short -α (Beekes, Pre-Greek). There is no reason to assume a secondary Greek formation, as assumed by DELG. - One connects ἀκαλανθίς = ἀκανθίς (Ar.); Niedermann Glotta 19, 8ff. through metathesis of *ἀκανθαλίς.Page in Frisk: 1,50Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄκανθα
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11 πατάνη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `(flat) dish' (Sophr. 13, Poll.).Compounds: As 1. member in πατάν-εψις name of the (cooked in) eel (Epich. 211).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Formation like λεκάνη, οὑράνη a.o. Has been connected with Lat. patera f. `flat drinking dish', perh. with old r-n-change, which is assumed in Hitt. pattar, dat. loc. paddan-i (from there Lyc. patara); meaning however not quite certain: `tablet?', `basket? Other hypothesis in Ernout-Meillet s.v. Diff. on pattar Neumann Heth. u. luw. Sprachgut 56 f. -- Hardly a verbal noun of πετάννυμι (then for *πετάνᾱ with assim.?). -- Because of Sicil. βατάνη André 83, 93 considers Illyr. origin. Loan in Lat. patina (?). - Rather Pre-Greek with Furnée 149, who connects πέταχνον\/ πάτ- Cf. the words cited above.Page in Frisk: 2,480Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πατάνη
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12 Δημήτηρ
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: the Greek mother goddess (Il.). See further Schwyzer 567f., Sommer Nominalkomp. 147,Dialectal forms: Though one might expect the name in Myc., it happens not to be found. Δαμάτηρ (Dor. etc.), also Δωμάτηρ, Δαμμάτερι (Thess.),Derivatives: Δημήτριος `belonging to D.' (A.), also as PN, from which the months name Δημητριών (Attica); Δημητρίεια pl. `feast for Demeter' (Samos IVa; after Άσκληπίεια a.o.), Δημήτρια pl. also `feast for Demetrios'; Δημητριασταί N. of the worshippers of Demeter (Ephesos; cf. Άπολλωνιασταί etc.); Δημητριακός `belonging to Demeter or Demetrios' (D. S.); Δημήτρειοι pl. name of the dead (Plu.). - Denomin. δαματρίζειν τὸ συνάγειν τὸν Δημητριακὸν καρπόν. Κύπριοι H. - Short form Δηώ (h. Cer. etc.) with Δηῳ̃ος and Δηωΐνη `daughter of D.'.Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: By Kretschmer Wien. Stud. 24, 523ff., Glotta 17, 240 taken as "Mother Earth", from δᾶ, a kind of `Lallwort', perhaps Pre-Greek `Earth', and μάτηρ. There is however, no indication that δᾶ (s.v.) means `earth' (though it has also been assumed in the name Poseidon). Nach Ehrlich Betonung 62ff. (with Fraenkel Lexis 3, 50ff.), from *Δασ-μάτηρ, from IE *dm̥s-, gen. of * dem- `house' (cf. δεσπότης); rightly rejected by Kretschmer Glotta 6, 294. Pisani IF 53, 28ff. and Georgiev Urgriechen und Illyrier (Sofia 1937) 9ff., 20ff. consider the word, like Δαμία, Δμία etc. as Illyrian and compare Alb. dhe `earth' (s. χθών); rejected by Kretschmer Glotta 27, 31. Acc. to Carnoy Mélanges Bidez 71ff. Δη- is only a different development of γῆ. Cf. Fraenkel Glotta 3, 58f. (also on Δαμία, Μνία); diff. on these words (to δόμος etc.) Danielsson Eranos 1, 79f. - Cf. Messap. damatura, prob. name of a goddess (Krahe Sprache der Illyr. 1, 82); the Mess. word must be an adaptation of the Greek name; cf. Δειπάτυρος s. Ζεύς). - Heubeck, Praegraeca 75-8 starts from `Phryg.' Γδαν-μαυα\/ Γδανμαα, and sees in the first element a cognate of Gr. χθών; he suggests that the form Δω(μ-) goes back on *ghdhōn-. However, he connects the whole with his Minoan-Minyan hypothesis (a separate IE language), which is unconvincing. - On Demeter Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 456ff.Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Δημήτηρ
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13 Philosophy
And what I believe to be more important here is that I find in myself an infinity of ideas of certain things which cannot be assumed to be pure nothingness, even though they may have perhaps no existence outside of my thought. These things are not figments of my imagination, even though it is within my power to think of them or not to think of them; on the contrary, they have their own true and immutable natures. Thus, for example, when I imagine a triangle, even though there may perhaps be no such figure anywhere in the world outside of my thought, nor ever have been, nevertheless the figure cannot help having a certain determinate nature... or essence, which is immutable and eternal, which I have not invented and which does not in any way depend upon my mind. (Descartes, 1951, p. 61)Let us console ourselves for not knowing the possible connections between a spider and the rings of Saturn, and continue to examine what is within our reach. (Voltaire, 1961, p. 144)As modern physics started with the Newtonian revolution, so modern philosophy starts with what one might call the Cartesian Catastrophe. The catastrophe consisted in the splitting up of the world into the realms of matter and mind, and the identification of "mind" with conscious thinking. The result of this identification was the shallow rationalism of l'esprit Cartesien, and an impoverishment of psychology which it took three centuries to remedy even in part. (Koestler, 1964, p. 148)It has been made of late a reproach against natural philosophy that it has struck out on a path of its own, and has separated itself more and more widely from the other sciences which are united by common philological and historical studies. The opposition has, in fact, been long apparent, and seems to me to have grown up mainly under the influence of the Hegelian philosophy, or, at any rate, to have been brought out into more distinct relief by that philosophy.... The sole object of Kant's "Critical Philosophy" was to test the sources and the authority of our knowledge, and to fix a definite scope and standard for the researches of philosophy, as compared with other sciences.... [But Hegel's] "Philosophy of Identity" was bolder. It started with the hypothesis that not only spiritual phenomena, but even the actual world-nature, that is, and man-were the result of an act of thought on the part of a creative mind, similar, it was supposed, in kind to the human mind.... The philosophers accused the scientific men of narrowness; the scientific men retorted that the philosophers were crazy. And so it came about that men of science began to lay some stress on the banishment of all philosophic influences from their work; while some of them, including men of the greatest acuteness, went so far as to condemn philosophy altogether, not merely as useless, but as mischievous dreaming. Thus, it must be confessed, not only were the illegitimate pretensions of the Hegelian system to subordinate to itself all other studies rejected, but no regard was paid to the rightful claims of philosophy, that is, the criticism of the sources of cognition, and the definition of the functions of the intellect. (Helmholz, quoted in Dampier, 1966, pp. 291-292)Philosophy remains true to its classical tradition by renouncing it. (Habermas, 1972, p. 317)I have not attempted... to put forward any grand view of the nature of philosophy; nor do I have any such grand view to put forth if I would. It will be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the history of "howlers" and progress in philosophy as the debunking of howlers. It will also be obvious that I do not agree with those who see philosophy as the enterprise of putting forward a priori truths about the world.... I see philosophy as a field which has certain central questions, for example, the relation between thought and reality.... It seems obvious that in dealing with these questions philosophers have formulated rival research programs, that they have put forward general hypotheses, and that philosophers within each major research program have modified their hypotheses by trial and error, even if they sometimes refuse to admit that that is what they are doing. To that extent philosophy is a "science." To argue about whether philosophy is a science in any more serious sense seems to me to be hardly a useful occupation.... It does not seem to me important to decide whether science is philosophy or philosophy is science as long as one has a conception of both that makes both essential to a responsible view of the world and of man's place in it. (Putnam, 1975, p. xvii)What can philosophy contribute to solving the problem of the relation [of] mind to body? Twenty years ago, many English-speaking philosophers would have answered: "Nothing beyond an analysis of the various mental concepts." If we seek knowledge of things, they thought, it is to science that we must turn. Philosophy can only cast light upon our concepts of those things.This retreat from things to concepts was not undertaken lightly. Ever since the seventeenth century, the great intellectual fact of our culture has been the incredible expansion of knowledge both in the natural and in the rational sciences (mathematics, logic).The success of science created a crisis in philosophy. What was there for philosophy to do? Hume had already perceived the problem in some degree, and so surely did Kant, but it was not until the twentieth century, with the Vienna Circle and with Wittgenstein, that the difficulty began to weigh heavily. Wittgenstein took the view that philosophy could do no more than strive to undo the intellectual knots it itself had tied, so achieving intellectual release, and even a certain illumination, but no knowledge. A little later, and more optimistically, Ryle saw a positive, if reduced role, for philosophy in mapping the "logical geography" of our concepts: how they stood to each other and how they were to be analyzed....Since that time, however, philosophers in the "analytic" tradition have swung back from Wittgensteinian and even Rylean pessimism to a more traditional conception of the proper role and tasks of philosophy. Many analytic philosophers now would accept the view that the central task of philosophy is to give an account, or at least play a part in giving an account, of the most general nature of things and of man. (Armstrong, 1990, pp. 37-38)8) Philosophy's Evolving Engagement with Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive ScienceIn the beginning, the nature of philosophy's engagement with artificial intelligence and cognitive science was clear enough. The new sciences of the mind were to provide the long-awaited vindication of the most potent dreams of naturalism and materialism. Mind would at last be located firmly within the natural order. We would see in detail how the most perplexing features of the mental realm could be supported by the operations of solely physical laws upon solely physical stuff. Mental causation (the power of, e.g., a belief to cause an action) would emerge as just another species of physical causation. Reasoning would be understood as a kind of automated theorem proving. And the key to both was to be the depiction of the brain as the implementation of multiple higher level programs whose task was to manipulate and transform symbols or representations: inner items with one foot in the physical (they were realized as brain states) and one in the mental (they were bearers of contents, and their physical gymnastics were cleverly designed to respect semantic relationships such as truth preservation). (A. Clark, 1996, p. 1)Socrates of Athens famously declared that "the unexamined life is not worth living," and his motto aptly explains the impulse to philosophize. Taking nothing for granted, philosophy probes and questions the fundamental presuppositions of every area of human inquiry.... [P]art of the job of the philosopher is to keep at a certain critical distance from current doctrines, whether in the sciences or the arts, and to examine instead how the various elements in our world-view clash, or fit together. Some philosophers have tried to incorporate the results of these inquiries into a grand synoptic view of the nature of reality and our human relationship to it. Others have mistrusted system-building, and seen their primary role as one of clarifications, or the removal of obstacles along the road to truth. But all have shared the Socratic vision of using the human intellect to challenge comfortable preconceptions, insisting that every aspect of human theory and practice be subjected to continuing critical scrutiny....Philosophy is, of course, part of a continuing tradition, and there is much to be gained from seeing how that tradition originated and developed. But the principal object of studying the materials in this book is not to pay homage to past genius, but to enrich one's understanding of central problems that are as pressing today as they have always been-problems about knowledge, truth and reality, the nature of the mind, the basis of right action, and the best way to live. These questions help to mark out the territory of philosophy as an academic discipline, but in a wider sense they define the human predicament itself; they will surely continue to be with us for as long as humanity endures. (Cottingham, 1996, pp. xxi-xxii)10) The Distinction between Dionysian Man and Apollonian Man, between Art and Creativity and Reason and Self- ControlIn his study of ancient Greek culture, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche drew what would become a famous distinction, between the Dionysian spirit, the untamed spirit of art and creativity, and the Apollonian, that of reason and self-control. The story of Greek civilization, and all civilizations, Nietzsche implied, was the gradual victory of Apollonian man, with his desire for control over nature and himself, over Dionysian man, who survives only in myth, poetry, music, and drama. Socrates and Plato had attacked the illusions of art as unreal, and had overturned the delicate cultural balance by valuing only man's critical, rational, and controlling consciousness while denigrating his vital life instincts as irrational and base. The result of this division is "Alexandrian man," the civilized and accomplished Greek citizen of the later ancient world, who is "equipped with the greatest forces of knowledge" but in whom the wellsprings of creativity have dried up. (Herman, 1997, pp. 95-96)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Philosophy
См. также в других словарях:
Hypothesis — Hy*poth e*sis, n.; pl. {Hypotheses}. [NL., fr. Gr. ? foundation, supposition, fr. ? to place under, ? under + ? to put. See {Hypo }, {Thesis}.] 1. A supposition; a proposition or principle which is supposed or taken for granted, in order to draw… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
hypothesis — hy•poth•e•sis [[t]haɪˈpɒθ ə sɪs, hɪ [/t]] n. pl. ses [[t] ˌsiz[/t]] 1) pho bio phs a provisional theory set forth to explain some class of phenomena, either accepted as a guide to future investigation (working hypothesis) or assumed for the sake… … From formal English to slang
hypothesis — hypothesist, n. /huy poth euh sis, hi /, n., pl. hypotheses / seez /. 1. a proposition, or set of propositions, set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena, either asserted merely as a provisional… … Universalium
hypothesis — A conjecture advanced for heuristic purposes, cast in a form that is amenable to confirmation or refutation by the conductance of definable experiments and the critical assembly of empiric data; not to be confused with assumption, postulation, or … Medical dictionary
hypothesis — Synonyms and related words: a priori principle, affirmation, apriorism, assertion, assumed position, assumption, axiom, basis, categorical proposition, conjecture, data, first principles, foundation, ground, guesswork, hypothesis ad hoc,… … Moby Thesaurus
hypothesis — /haɪˈpɒθəsəs / (say huy pothuhsuhs) noun (plural hypotheses /haɪˈpɒθəsiz/ (say huy pothuhseez)) 1. a proposition (or set of propositions) proposed as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena, either asserted merely… …
hypothesis — A supposition, a proposition, or principle which is assumed or taken for granted, in order to draw a conclusion or inference for proof of the point in question; something not proved, but assumed for the purpose of argument, or to account for a… … Ballentine's law dictionary
Nebular hypothesis — Hypothesis Hy*poth e*sis, n.; pl. {Hypotheses}. [NL., fr. Gr. ? foundation, supposition, fr. ? to place under, ? under + ? to put. See {Hypo }, {Thesis}.] 1. A supposition; a proposition or principle which is supposed or taken for granted, in… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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